Denmark

Danish is the official language of Denmark. It is also the native or cultural language of around 50,000 Germano-Danish citizens living in the south of Schleswig and the Danish who emigrated to America and Australia preserve, to a certain extent, their native language. In international relations terms, Danish has been one of the official languages of the European Union since 1973.

A Danish Language Council (Dansk Sprognævn) was created in 1955. This Council is a Centre for Research attached to the University of Copenhagen and falls under the authority of the Ministry of Culture. Its purpose is threefold: to modernise the language by creating neologisms, to set new rules (it publishes the Official Danish Dictionary) and to respond to questions from users.

The Danish Language Council must:

• monitor the development of the Danish language and give advice and information on it. It determines the spelling of Danish;
• edit publications on the Danish language, in particular those on the use of the native language, and co-operate with institutions of terminology, dictionary editors and public institutions involved in authorising or registering people’s names and surnames and brand names;
• collaborate with equivalent language councils and institutions in other Nordic countries.

Because the laws on Danish usage are really along the lines of recommendations, the framework is not especially restrictive and is a long way from being systematically applied.

Following a ruling, Danish is defined as a necessary school subject since it enables citizens to participate in the democratic process. This subject is at the very centre of teaching, since it allows the student to integrate into Danish society.

Immigrant children have been taught Danish as a Foreign Language in primary and secondary school since 1993.

In 1995, medicine courses in English were introduced to attract foreign students to the Danish education system.

English dominates the scientific domain: 85% of articles written at the national research centre in Risø are written in English. There is therefore almost no scientific language in Danish.

Machine manuals must, in principle, be written in Danish to ensure the safety of the user when working with a technical device (two rulings of the work inspectorate).

The law of 17 December 2002 on public radio and television services provides that “programming must ensure public access to information and important social debates. It must also draw on Danish language and culture. [...] A significant proportion of programmes must be in Danish or designed for a Danish audience.”

As for the Internet, Danes tend to choose to use sites in Danish. Most public service sites are available in Danish and English.

Article 24 of the law of 6 June 1973 on food products states that labelling must be clear and readable. It does not explicitly state that the text must be in Danish.

The consumer protection organisation says that labels must be in Danish if the product is destined for the general public.

Since 1999, product guarantees have been written in Danish. Cosmetic products must be labelled in Danish.

The central pivots of this body are the Ministry of Culture via the Danish Language Council and the Society for Danish Language and Literature. The latter publishes unedited texts and edits Danish language dictionaries out of a desire to update linguistic knowledge. This Ministry body actively participates in the drawing up of the linguistic policy of the country.

The national radio (DR) contributes to developing and reinforcing the language but does not necessarily work to protect it from other influences.

The Danish Language Council adopted a four-point plan for a Danish linguistic policy in 2003. The following points were underlined as being central objectives in the Danish linguistic policy:

• Danish as a scientific and higher education language;
• Correct Danish as a working language in public services;
• Education strengthened by Danish at all levels;
• Education strengthened by foreign languages.

A law of 18 March 2006 fixes the conditions for the linguistic integration of migrants.

Migrants in possession of a residence permit and national identity number can access three years of Danish language training. These lessons cost €80 for migrants from other European countries and are paid for via taxes for migrants from other countries.

Learning Danish is not compulsory but it is necessary to pass a Danish language test if you want to become a permanent resident or obtain Danish citizenship.

There are no legal provisions of this nature in Denmark. Around a third of the 20,000 Germano-Danish citizens in South Jutland speak German.

In the Faeroese Isles and Greenland, the law of autonomy guarantees official equality of Danish alongside the Faeroese and Greenlandic languages and Danish is an obligatory subject in schools. In Iceland, Danish has been a part of the school curriculum since the end of the 1990s and Danish is still used to facilitate communications with other Nordic countries.

As part of the finances law of 2005, the Government and different parties sitting in Parliament came to a general agreement on culture. Following this agreement, a budget of 12 million Danish kroner was earmarked for the Danish language for 2005-8. This budget was mainly intended to augment the co-operation between the two language institutions of the Ministry of Culture (the Danish Language Council and the Society for Danish Language and Literature).

This support was intended, along with other measures, to contribute to the strengthening of communication between the institutions, citizens and the public. It was also intended to boost the effort to computerise texts used in the field of linguistic research.

In 2006, this one-off measure of support was given permanent status and was increased to 1.5 million Danish kroner a year for each of the two institutions.

L1: English compulsory from age 9.
L2: A primary school reform was adopted by Parliament in 2002. The law came into force on 1 August 2004. The second language began to be taught from the 6th year rather than the 5th, as in certain pilot classes. It is not compulsory but most students do start a second language in the 5th year (German or French).

L2: Compulsory (German/French/Spanish/Italian/Russian/Chinese).
L3/L4: depending on the course. Optional (German/French/Spanish/Italian/Russian/Chinese).

The Danish Language Council is working to establish a Danish language website to gather and communicate information about the Danish language and the conditions of its use to all users. The site aims to provide professional help by responding to questions about linguistic problems. It will also be possible to access public dictionaries and submit information and advice. The first version of the site is due to be published in Autumn 2007.

Collaborators from the Danish Language Council and the Society for Danish Language and Literature respond directly to questions about language on the radio in the programme Ud med sproget on station P1 (a twice-weekly 30-minute programme which is rebroadcast twice). There are plans to increase the number of language-related activities on television as well as articles in free magazines and newspapers.

Research Projects

• The language of science: Partly financed by the Ministry of Culture, this project will look at what constitutes a research language, how a subject constructs its own professional language (terminology) and the consequences that can occur when a subject uses more and more English in its language of teaching.
• Nordic project: modern words imported into Nordic countries. This project on imported modern words will look at what the Danish think about English via a series of interviews.
• Spelling: the Danish Language Council has plans to publish a report on what has been written about spelling and spelling mistakes. This project is due to end in 2007.
• The evolution of spoken languages over the generation: the differences in the language spoken by different generations will be studied. This project is financed by the Ministry of Culture, a school of research and the Danish Language Council:

1. Research project on the language used by primary school children (the influence of spoken language on written language).
1. Research project on manufacturer brands.

(2009)